Q: Topic A: Advanced energy and power systems

ü Renewable energy sources and technologies ü Integration of variable renewable energy (VRE) ü Flexible resources and their integration ü Smart grid and microgrid ü Modern power systems planning and operation ü Virtual power plants (VPP) ü Power trading platforms ü Electrification and sector coupling ü Energy storage technologies and systems ü Hydrogen and fuels cells ü Energy systems integration

Q: Topic B: Bioenergy, biofuels and biorefinery

ü Biomass feedstocks: resources, production, harvesting and processing ü Biomass upgrading and pretreatment ü Biomass heat and power ü Biofuels and sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) ü Waste utilisation and waste-to-energy ü Biogas and biomethane ü Biorefinery and biomaterials ü Green hydrogen ü Biochar ü Bio-CCS and Bio-CCU ü Biomass supply chain optimization

Q: Topic C: Circular economy and sustainability

ü Circularity: recycling and reuse of residues and waste ü Sustainable production and consumption ü Technological elements of circular economy: recover, redesign, remanufacturing, design for the future, use of digital technology, e.g., tracking and optimising resource use, online platforms, etc. ü Circular business models ü Food-water-energy nexus ü Carbon and water footprint measurement and assessment ü Techno-socio-economic issues and sustainability of bioeconomy

Q: Topic E: Environmental and climate science, technology, and management

ü Environmental and health risks ü Air pollution and climate change mitigation ü Climate related environmental impacts ü Climate change impacts on hydrology and water resources ü Natural resource management and climate resilience ü Micro-sensors and remote sensing for environmental monitoring

Q: Topic F: Future climate technologies and innovation

ü Regional and local climate analysis ü Vulnerability, loss and damages, including Impacts and coping measures ü Disaster analysis, monitoring and mitigation, and emergency preparedness ü Measurement, monitoring, estimation and modeling of greenhouse gases ü Methane detection and mitigation ü Carbon sequestration ü Waste management and climate

Q: Topic G: Green governance and policy

ü Energy transition ü Scenario analysis and modeling of energy and carbon emissions ü Carbon markets/emission trading ü Economics of climate change ü Energy and climate policy ü Electricity market deregulation and power trade and enabling policies

Question 1

Topic A: Advanced energy and power systems

Accepted Answer

ü Renewable energy sources and technologies
ü Integration of variable renewable energy (VRE)
ü Flexible resources and their integration
ü Smart grid and microgrid
ü Modern power systems planning and operation
ü Virtual power plants (VPP)
ü Power trading platforms
ü Electrification and sector coupling
ü Energy storage technologies and systems
ü Hydrogen and fuels cells
ü Energy systems integration

Question 2

Topic B: Bioenergy, biofuels and biorefinery

Accepted Answer

ü Biomass feedstocks: resources, production, harvesting and processing
ü Biomass upgrading and pretreatment
ü Biomass heat and power
ü Biofuels and sustainable aviation fuel (SAF)
ü Waste utilisation and waste-to-energy
ü Biogas and biomethane
ü Biorefinery and biomaterials
ü Green hydrogen
ü Biochar
ü Bio-CCS and Bio-CCU
ü Biomass supply chain optimization

Question 3

Topic C: Circular economy and sustainability

Accepted Answer

ü Circularity: recycling and reuse of residues and waste
ü Sustainable production and consumption
ü Technological elements of circular economy: recover, redesign, remanufacturing, design for the future, use of digital technology, e.g., tracking and optimising resource use, online platforms, etc.
ü Circular business models
ü Food-water-energy nexus
ü Carbon and water footprint measurement and assessment
ü Techno-socio-economic issues and sustainability of bioeconomy

Question 4

Topic D: Decarbonisation of end-use sectors: Buildings, industry and transport

Accepted Answer

Buildings	Transport	Industry
ü Smart and green buildings ü Cooling systems ü Lighting systems ü Net zero energy buildings (NZEB) ü Energy storage ü Renewable energy ü Data center & data center energy management ü Sustainable urban planning and design ü Smart cities and positive energy districts (PED)	ü Electric vehicles (EV) ü Connected vehicles ü Autonomous vehicles (AV) ü Rail systems ü Intelligent transport systems (ITS) ü Sustainable transport planning and design ü Transformation of business models of logistics and transportation ü Waterborne transport	ü Energy efficiency ü Smart manufacturing and advanced data analytics ü Electrification of process heat and heat pumps ü Fuel switching and Integration of hydrogen fuels and feedstocks ü Renewable energy applications ü Demand response (DR) ü Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS)

Question 5

Topic E: Environmental and climate science, technology, and management

Accepted Answer

ü Environmental and health risks
ü Air pollution and climate change mitigation
ü Climate related environmental impacts
ü Climate change impacts on hydrology and water resources
ü Natural resource management and climate resilience
ü Micro-sensors and remote sensing for environmental monitoring

Question 6

Topic F: Future climate technologies and innovation

Accepted Answer

ü Regional and local climate analysis
ü Vulnerability, loss and damages, including Impacts and coping measures
ü Disaster analysis, monitoring and mitigation, and emergency preparedness
ü Measurement, monitoring, estimation and modeling of greenhouse gases
ü Methane detection and mitigation
ü Carbon sequestration
ü Waste management and climate

Question 7

Topic G: Green governance and policy

Accepted Answer

ü Energy transition
ü Scenario analysis and modeling of energy and carbon emissions
ü Carbon markets/emission trading
ü Economics of climate change
ü Energy and climate policy
ü Electricity market deregulation and power trade and enabling policies